#16daysofActivism2022 campaign on Gender-based violence against Human rights defenders
This year, Young Feminist Europe together with COFEM (Coalition of Feminists for social change) decided to join forces for an international campaign aiming to research and raise awareness on the topic of online gender based violence and how this targets in particular human rights defenders.
Are you familiar with the concept of Gender Based Violence?
Gender-based violence (GBV) is a global phenomenon that affects all societies, regardless of their nature. It disproportionately affects women* and girls including transwomen and girls, and gender non-conforming individuals. Gender-based violence manifests itself in different forms, with a single objective: to threaten and denigrate another person with the aim of asserting power over them.
GBV can be physical, psychological, economic, coercive, state and/or institutional, private, public.
Gender-based violence does not only take place in real life but also online. The Council of Europe states that GBV “including in the online environment can take many forms, cyberharassment, revenge porn and threats of rape, sexual assault or murder. Perpetrators can be partners or ex-partners, colleagues, schoolmates or, as is often the case, anonymous individuals. Some women are particularly exposed, such as women’s rights defenders, journalists, bloggers, video gamers, public figures and politicians.”
GBV in the online space is just that, another form of GBV. All forms of GBV (sexual harrassement, psychological violence, sexual assault, stalking, etc) share a root cause : gender inequality and the oppression of women, girls and gender non-conforming persons. Women in countries with long-standing or institutionalised gender inequality tend to experience online violence at higher rates (The Economist Intelligence Unit, 2021).
Online GBV often goes hand in hand in the physical space, especially when it is in the context of intimate partner violence, honour crime and the repression of women’s human rights defenders.
What is online GBV?
Online GBV is action by one or more people that harms others based on their sexual or gender identity
or by enforcing harmful gender norms. This action is carried out using the internet and/or mobile technology and includes stalking, bullying, sexual harassment, defamation, hate speech and exploitation (ICRW, 2018).
Women, girls and gender non-conforming individuals are targeted and impacted by online GBV. In Europe, 9 million girls have experienced some kind of cyber violence by the time they are 15 years old. Globally, women are 27 times more likely to be harassed online. (European Women’s Lobby, 2017). Some women are particularly exposed, such as women’s rights defenders, activists, politicians, journalists, bloggers and public figures. Black women, women of colour, young women and LGBIQI+ people are disproportionately affected.
Forms of online GBV
Online GBV can take many forms. The most common ones are:
- Online sexual harrassment: non-consensual sexual behavior on online plateforms, including non-consensual dissemination of a person’s sexual content, coercion to participate in sexual behaviour online, sending unwanted sexualised photos, videos, threats, comments, messages or posts, both privately and in public.
- Cyberstalking : the use of the internet and spyware to stalk, harass or control another person.
- Cyberbullying : bullying with the use of digital technologies. It is repeated behaviour, aimed at scaring, angering or shaming those who are targeted.
- Doxxing: is revealing or publishing private information about a person online.
- Censorship and shadow banning: is the act when social media posts are taken down, muted or hidden from followers without informing the user or creator.
- Online hate speech: the public incitement to violence or hatred on the basis of gender, race religion, ethnicity or sexual orientation in the online space.
Impact of cyber GBV
Despite often being perceived as a less serious form of GBV, online GBV is a violation of the human rights of the survivors and it has important consequences on their health and wellbeing. 9-out-of-10 women report that online violence harms their sense of well-being. More than a third of women state that cyber violence has led to mental health issues. (UNFPA, 2021)
Additionally, online GBV has important consequence on the political and civic participation of women, girls and gender non-conforming people. It silences their voices, and has adverse economic impacts for those who depend on online presence for their livelihood. In a recent study, the Economist Intelligence Unit found that 3 out 4 survivors of online GBV were afraid of online violence escalating into real world threats, and 1 out of 3 said they thought twice about posting any content online. (The Economist Intelligence Unit, 2021)
Who commits online GBV?
Online GBV is often perpetrated by partners and ex-partners, anonymous individuals, but also state actors. More than half of women who reported experiencing online GBV knew the perpetrator (The Economist Intelligence Unit, 2021). The common denominator among online GBV perpetrators is that they hold patriarchal beliefs of male and heterosexual dominance, and that the abuse happens happens in a cultural and institutional context that normalises violence against women, girls and gender non-conforming people.
- Partners and ex-partners: the internet has offered new tools for violent (ex-) partners to perpetuate their abuse and controling behaviors, by monitoring, tracking, harrassing, publicly shaming and humiliating the survivor, and sharing non-consensual sexual videos and images of the survivors in the digital space. 71% of domestic abusers monitor women’s computer activities while 54% track survivors’ cell phones with stalking software. (Destalk, 2020)
- Anonymous individuals: the ability to remain anonymous online with ease and being able to contact anyone online translates into the ability to target women, girls and gender non-conforming people with misogynistic comments, rape threats and defamatory rumours with impunity or low probability of getting caught. Recently, there has been a rise in anonymous cyber mobs attacking and carrying harassment campaigns against women and girls (Plan International, 2020; CIGI, 2022). These groups are often composed of men carrying a misogynist patriarchal ideology, who are enraged by the fact that women and girls express
themselves online and/or that they are not conforming to patriarchal conceptions of femininity. A very known example of these groups are the incels (stands for involuntary celibate), a movement advocating for the mass rape and killings of women and girls. - State actors: State actors have access to high levels of information about citizens and generally have the resources and capacity to surveille and track individuals (UNFPA, 2021). As such, in authoritarian contexts, they have the ability to use technology to attack and repress women, girls and gender non-conforming people, especially activists, journalists and rival political leaders (Access Now, 2022; Dunn, 2022).
Online GVB against Human rights defenders:
Women human rights defenders are people who, individually or with others, act to promote or protect women’s human rights and gender equality. Women human rights defenders are in majority women, including transwomen, girls and gender non-conforming.
They are at significant risk of sexual harassment and gender-based violence due to the nature of their work, including in the online space.
There is a pattern of backlash and abuse perpetrated by patriarchal systems and individuals benefiting from the status quo, when the work of human rights defenders is perceived as threatening the structures of gender inequality. This includes perceived threats to “traditional” conceptions of family, gender roles, religion and culture.
Online GBV against human rights defenders often aims at diminishing their credibility, silencing them and discouraging them from pursuing their fight for the realisation of gender equality and women’s rights.
GBV against women, girls and gender non-conforming human rights defenders in the cyber space should be seen as continuum of GBV in the physical space. While all human rights defenders may face backlash, women, girls and gender non-conforming human rights defenders are specifically targeted and face additional risks due to their gender, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation and their identification with the feminist and women’s rights movement.
1 in 2 girls and young women activists participating in a study by Plan International reported being attacked online for their opinion (Plan International, 2020).
Women, including transwomen, girls and gender non-conforming human rights defenders are at significant risk of sexual harassment and gender-based violence due to the nature of their work, including in the online space. A study by Amnesty International found 1.1 million hostile or abusive tweets targeting 778 women journalists and politicians from the UK and the US. Women of colour, particularly black women, were more likely (34% and 84% respectively) to be impacted than white women. (Amnesty International, Troll Patrol, 2018)
This online GBV needs to be analysed in the broader context of GBV, misogyny and rise in the backlash against HRD. The rise of far-right parties, religious fundamentalism, populism and authoritarianism in Europe directly impacts the work of WHRD. For example, in Poland and Hungary, the far-right governing bodies have been driving a patriarchal political agenda, encouraging the withdrawal from the Istanbul Convention that seeks to end GBV, restricting women’s reproductive rights, shrinking spaces for right-based civil society, undermining independent journalism and challenging LGBQTI+ rights. In 2021, The Commissioner for Human Rights of the Council of Europe stated in a country memorandum for Hungary that they are “worried and alarmed by the sustained smear campaigns against human rights defenders and investigative journalists, which are carried out with the aim of stifling civil society (…)”.
More than 1 in 2 women European parliamentarians reported sexist online attacks on social media. Those dedicated to the fight for gender equality and ending GBV are particularly targeted. (GIZ, The influence of gender-based online violence on political and societal participation of women and girls, 2022)
Want to know more about backlash against WHRD? Check COFEM’s Feminist Pocketbook Tip Sheet 9 on Backlash: https://bit.ly/3TbYA56
60% of the registered violations against human rights defenders in Europe were targeting women. 44% of the reported violations against defenders are in the field of women’s rights and gender equality, and 48% in the field of civil and political rights. (Protect defenders, 2022)
The rise of far-right parties, religious fundamentalism, populism and authoritarianism in Europe directly impacts the work of WHRD. Perpetrators of online GBV against WHRD are often men holding patriarchal beliefs; far-right parties; far-right, religious fundamentalist, anti-feminist and anti-human rights movements, organisations and media.
Ever heard of doxxing?
Doxxing is the act of revealing identifying information about someone online, such as their real name, home address, workplace, phone, financial, and other personal information. That information is then circulated to the public without the victim’s permission. (Kaspersky)
Doxxing is used against HRD to make them fear for their safety.
Check out the Twitter thread from AccessNow on doxxing for more information: https://t.co/XJHuVUEhnh”
Spoiler: Doxxing is real!
Read about the experience of Clara Sorrenti a well known Twitch Streamer and LGBTI+ advocate:
A few weeks after being doxxed and having anonymous trolls send armed London Police officers to her doorstep with false threats, Clara Sorrenti, a popular online streamer and a transgender woman, has been allegedly doxxed again. Sorrenti, best known online as Keffals, often speaks about issues facing the LGTBQ2 community, specifically the transgender community.
Click on these links to know more: https://globalnews.ca/news/9068032/twitch-streamer-trans-woman-clara-sorrenti-keffals-doxxed-again/ – https://globalnews.ca/news/9079495/clara-sorrenti-doxxed-transgender-leaving-canada-europe/
What is hate speech?
The United Nations define hate speech as the “offensive discourse targeting a group or an individual based on inherent characteristics (such as race, religion, disability, sexual orientation or gender) and that may threaten social peace”. It can take place both offline or online.
Women and gender non-conforming people are the most affected group targeted by online hate speech. It affects them in many forms; the most cruel of which are rape ad death threats. Online hate speech clearly constitutes a threat for democracy and human rights but, what makes it so destructive for its targets?
Online hate speech is:
- Long-lasting (once it’s out it stays online for a long time. It’s shared via multiple platforms and has the potential to reach an incredibly vast audience)
- Mutable (even when removed from a platform, the same content can be reshared by another user – or the same person using a different account. It can be simply reposted with another wording. It can find its new life on a different platform).
- Anonymous
According to the Online violence against women journalists: a global snapshot of incidence and impacts study published by UNESCO in 2020 “the story theme most often identified in association with increased attacks was gender (47%), followed by politics and elections (44%), and human rights and social policy (31%)”.
Online platforms constitute in fact one of the most popular tools to spread information and to advocate for human rights. As stated by SAFEnet, there is nowadays a certain “impossibility to abandon the use of social media platforms to campaign for human rights issues”.
This implies women and gender non-conforming HRDs facing an increasing spiral of attacks on the web. With OGBV, they are not only “attacked only for their opinions, but also for their identity as women or other gender and sexual identities”.
Read The story of Nidzara Ahmetasevic (human rights defender and journalist)
The gendered online targeting of Nidzara Ahmetasevic is not an isolated occurrence, but forms part of a pattern of harassment against Bosnian women human rights defenders working with refugees and migrants. As stated by FrontLineDefenders Nidzara, in January 2021 reported to police the gendered online harassment she has been experiencing on social media and the threatening messages she has Some messages contained threats of physical assault and rape, while others are insults containing sexualised content, such as calling her a lesbian and immigrant’s whore.
Interested in reading more about human rights defenders’ experiences like this one? Click here: https://www.peacewomen.org/sites/default/files/Fem%20Defenders.pdf
Recommendations for policymakers
Governments need to prioritise tackling online GBV to ensure a safe digital space for all, particularly women and girls.
Our key recommendations for policymakers include:
- Systematise the measurement of online GBV by developing tools and adding online violence as a category of violence in national surveys.
- Strengthen legislations affecting online GBV, including digital industry, media and communication legislations, through cross-cutting sector collaboration.
- Harmonise legislations and policies in the EU to prevent and respond to online GBV, including harmonised definition, sanctions, and provisions to protect victims and ensure the prosecution of perpetrators.
- Hold the tech and online industry accountable to mitigate the preparation of online GBV and its impacts on survivors.
- Raise the awareness of individuals and institutions on online violence and safety.
Recommendations for practitioners and researchers
What can you do as a GBV practitioner or researcher to help tackle online GBV? Here are our 3 key recommendations:
- While there has been various studies measuring the prevalence of online GBV, more research is needed to understand how it manifests in different settings and affects diverse groups differently based on their social, political and legal context, their ethnicity, gender identity, age, etc.
- Strengthen collaboration between women’s rights organisations and digital rights organisations to create effective guidance for service providers, recommendations for legislations and interventions tackling online GBV.
- Develop initiatives aimed at preventing online GBV in addition to service provision for survivors.
Recommendations for donors
Donors can play an important role in setting and example and leading the way in tackling online GBV. We call for them to:
- Invest more in learning about online GBV in different contexts, including in humanitarian contexts.
- Support and create opportunities for women’s rights and digital rights organisations to connect, learn from each other and build long-term collaborations.
- Funding to women’s rights organisations already engaged in the the fight against GBV to carry on online GBV prevention and response work.
Available resources:
There are several feminist organisation already doing amazing things to tackle online GBV. If you are a GBV practitioner or simply a woman online, you can benefit from this (non-exhaustive) ressources’ list!
- Destalk programme: created a Toolkit for GBV service providers to integrate online violence to their protocols and guidelines.
- ECHAP: is a coalition of feminist hackers that provides guidance, trainings and support to organisations to tackle.
- Cybersafe: created a toolkit for teachers and professionals working with young people, to facilitate workshops on online safety.
- DocuSAFE : an app that helps survivors collect, store, and share evidence of abuse.
- Digital Safetea : an interactive game to learn about existing and emerging digital safety issues.
- ACCESS NOW: hosts a digital security helpdesk with tools and contacts to deal with cyber safety issues.
- WAVE: collects and maintains a list of national women’s helplines available in the 46 European Countries.
- Association for Progressive Communications: developed the campaign #Takebacktheteach to offer safety roadmaps and information and provide an avenue for taking action against online GBV.
Also read the blog post on the OECD Website, by clicking on the visual below:
“Be Aware of the Malware: When technology and gender-based violence meet” written by Nassima El Ouady from Coalition of Feminists for Social Change (COFEM) and Antonella Crichigno from Young Feminist Europe.